The Theory of Five Kinds of Text
• REPORT
Purpose of report text is to give information about something as an observation and analysis.
Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
The example of report text:
Goanas
Australia is home to 25 of the world’s 30 monitor lizard species. In Australia, monitor lizards are called goannas.
Goannas have flattish bodies, long tails, and strong jaws. They are the only lizards with forked tongues, like a snake. Their necks are long and may have loose folds of skin beneath them. Their legs are long and strong, with sharp claws on their feet. Many goannas have stripes, spots and other markings that help to camouflage them. The largest species can grow to more than two meters in length.
All goannas are daytime hunters. They run, climb, and swim well. Goannas hunt small mammals, birds and other reptiles. They also eat dead animals. Smaller goannas eat insects, spiders, and worms.
Male goannas fight with each other in the breeding season. Females lay between two and twelve eggs.
• RECOUNT
The purpose of the Recounts text is to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both).
The basic recount consists of three parts:
- The setting or orientation - background information answering who? when? where? why?
-Events are identified and described in chronological order.
- Reorientation which is concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events described
The language features of the recount text are:
- The language is written in simple past tense
- Frequent use is made of words which link events in time, such as next, later, when, then, after, before, first,
The example of recount text:
My Horrible Experience
Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
• DESCRIPTIVE
The purpose of descriptive text is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
a. Using attributive and identifying process.
b. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
c. Using simple present tense
The example of descriptive text:
The Moon
The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by about 12 degrees each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is like to 3,476 kilometers.
The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon's surface. The Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts will remain there for millions of years.
The Moon is not a light source. It means that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the sun. All of us can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we cannot see the Moon.
The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth, and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.
• NARRATIVE
The purpose of narrative text is to entertain or inform readers by telling them a story.
Generic Structure (Narrative):
• Orientation: sees the scene and introduces the participants.
• Evaluation: a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
• Complication: a crisis arises.
• Resolution: the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
• Coda: lesson from the story
Text Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Commonly narrative text is found in story book for coming.
The example of narrative text:
JONAH
Once upon a time there was a village in North Israel. All the people lived peacefully there. One of them was Jonah. Jonah lived with his parents. They loved him very much. In the north of Israel was Syria. It had powerful knights. They were very cruel and liked to invade other countries.
One night when the people of Jonah’s village were sleeping, the Syrian knights attacked his village. They burned down the houses. One of them threw a torch into Jonah’s house. Jonah’s house was on fire.
Jonah and his parents avoided the fire burning their house. They saved themselves by climbing a ladder to the upstairs. It was too high for them to jump down to the ground from the upstairs. Jonah’s father took a rope to get down from the stairs to the ground. They escaped to another village.
Jonah and his parents lived in a fishermen village. They became fishermen.
One day, when they were fishing in the sea, Jonah fell into the sea. Jonah was drawn into the sea. A whale came closed to him. He tried to swim avoiding the whale as fast as possible but he failed and at last the whale swallowed him. Jonah was still alive in the stomach of the whale. He prayed to God to be released from the stomach of the whale.
Fortunately God granted his prayer. The whale came closed to an island. It opened its mouth and Jonah came out from its stomach. Jonah swam to the seashore and he lived in a new island.
• PROSEDURE
The purpose of procedure text is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series.
Generic Structure of Procedure:
a. Goal: Showing the purpose
b. Material: Telling the needed materials
c. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
Language Feature of Procedure;
a. Using temporal conjunction
b. Using action verb
c. Using imperative sentence
d. Using Simple Present Tense
The example of procedure text:
How to make lemper ayam
Ingredients:
500 gr. Ketan (see above).
200 gr. Chicken breast.
1 large red Onion.
4 cloves Garlic.
1 stalk Lemongrass.
2 Tsp. Trassi.
2 Tsp. Cummin. (Ground)
2 Tsp. Coriander. (Ground)
250 ml. Coconut milk.
2 Tbl. Oil.
Preparation:
Boil the rice as explained above and leave to cool. Boil the chicken in some water. Set aside. Finely chop Onions, Garlic and Lemongrass. Heat oil in a wok and fry Onion, Garlic and Lemongrass mixture. When browned add chopped chicken and other spices. keep frying for a further 3 minutes then add the coconut milk and reduce so the mixture is almost dry again. Leave to cool. Follow procedure below to make the Ketans. On a lightly oiled square of tin-foil spread out the cooled down rice in a rectangular shape (12cm * 8cm).Place a tablespoon of the chicken mixture in the centre of the rice and, using the foil, lift the rice around the mixture so that the end result is croquette shape with the rice covering the filling on all sides.The lemper can now be individual wrapped in Banana leaves or tin-foil. They can be kept in the fridge for up to 2 days max. or frozen.To serve the Lemper, reheat in a steamer and when hot serve as a snack with Sambal Ulek and Kecap Manis
• REPORT
Purpose of report text is to give information about something as an observation and analysis.
Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
The example of report text:
Goanas
Australia is home to 25 of the world’s 30 monitor lizard species. In Australia, monitor lizards are called goannas.
Goannas have flattish bodies, long tails, and strong jaws. They are the only lizards with forked tongues, like a snake. Their necks are long and may have loose folds of skin beneath them. Their legs are long and strong, with sharp claws on their feet. Many goannas have stripes, spots and other markings that help to camouflage them. The largest species can grow to more than two meters in length.
All goannas are daytime hunters. They run, climb, and swim well. Goannas hunt small mammals, birds and other reptiles. They also eat dead animals. Smaller goannas eat insects, spiders, and worms.
Male goannas fight with each other in the breeding season. Females lay between two and twelve eggs.
• RECOUNT
The purpose of the Recounts text is to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both).
The basic recount consists of three parts:
- The setting or orientation - background information answering who? when? where? why?
-Events are identified and described in chronological order.
- Reorientation which is concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events described
The language features of the recount text are:
- The language is written in simple past tense
- Frequent use is made of words which link events in time, such as next, later, when, then, after, before, first,
The example of recount text:
My Horrible Experience
Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
• DESCRIPTIVE
The purpose of descriptive text is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
a. Using attributive and identifying process.
b. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
c. Using simple present tense
The example of descriptive text:
The Moon
The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by about 12 degrees each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is like to 3,476 kilometers.
The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon's surface. The Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts will remain there for millions of years.
The Moon is not a light source. It means that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the sun. All of us can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we cannot see the Moon.
The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth, and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.
• NARRATIVE
The purpose of narrative text is to entertain or inform readers by telling them a story.
Generic Structure (Narrative):
• Orientation: sees the scene and introduces the participants.
• Evaluation: a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
• Complication: a crisis arises.
• Resolution: the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
• Coda: lesson from the story
Text Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Commonly narrative text is found in story book for coming.
The example of narrative text:
JONAH
Once upon a time there was a village in North Israel. All the people lived peacefully there. One of them was Jonah. Jonah lived with his parents. They loved him very much. In the north of Israel was Syria. It had powerful knights. They were very cruel and liked to invade other countries.
One night when the people of Jonah’s village were sleeping, the Syrian knights attacked his village. They burned down the houses. One of them threw a torch into Jonah’s house. Jonah’s house was on fire.
Jonah and his parents avoided the fire burning their house. They saved themselves by climbing a ladder to the upstairs. It was too high for them to jump down to the ground from the upstairs. Jonah’s father took a rope to get down from the stairs to the ground. They escaped to another village.
Jonah and his parents lived in a fishermen village. They became fishermen.
One day, when they were fishing in the sea, Jonah fell into the sea. Jonah was drawn into the sea. A whale came closed to him. He tried to swim avoiding the whale as fast as possible but he failed and at last the whale swallowed him. Jonah was still alive in the stomach of the whale. He prayed to God to be released from the stomach of the whale.
Fortunately God granted his prayer. The whale came closed to an island. It opened its mouth and Jonah came out from its stomach. Jonah swam to the seashore and he lived in a new island.
• PROSEDURE
The purpose of procedure text is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series.
Generic Structure of Procedure:
a. Goal: Showing the purpose
b. Material: Telling the needed materials
c. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
Language Feature of Procedure;
a. Using temporal conjunction
b. Using action verb
c. Using imperative sentence
d. Using Simple Present Tense
The example of procedure text:
How to make lemper ayam
Ingredients:
500 gr. Ketan (see above).
200 gr. Chicken breast.
1 large red Onion.
4 cloves Garlic.
1 stalk Lemongrass.
2 Tsp. Trassi.
2 Tsp. Cummin. (Ground)
2 Tsp. Coriander. (Ground)
250 ml. Coconut milk.
2 Tbl. Oil.
Preparation:
Boil the rice as explained above and leave to cool. Boil the chicken in some water. Set aside. Finely chop Onions, Garlic and Lemongrass. Heat oil in a wok and fry Onion, Garlic and Lemongrass mixture. When browned add chopped chicken and other spices. keep frying for a further 3 minutes then add the coconut milk and reduce so the mixture is almost dry again. Leave to cool. Follow procedure below to make the Ketans. On a lightly oiled square of tin-foil spread out the cooled down rice in a rectangular shape (12cm * 8cm).Place a tablespoon of the chicken mixture in the centre of the rice and, using the foil, lift the rice around the mixture so that the end result is croquette shape with the rice covering the filling on all sides.The lemper can now be individual wrapped in Banana leaves or tin-foil. They can be kept in the fridge for up to 2 days max. or frozen.To serve the Lemper, reheat in a steamer and when hot serve as a snack with Sambal Ulek and Kecap Manis
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